Python 单例模式

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  • Madman
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Synopsis: 单例模式(Singleton Pattern)是一种常用的软件设计模式,该模式的主要目的是确保某一个类只有一个实例存在。当你希望在整个系统中,某个类只能出现一个实例时,单例对象就能派上用场,比如整个应用只生成一个配置文件的实例对象。Python 的模块是天然的单例模式,这在大部分情况下应该是够用的,当然,我们也可以使用装饰器、元类等方法

1. 元类

可以通过元类来改变实例创建方式,实现单例、缓存或其他类似的特性

class Singleton(type):
    """定义一个元类并自己实现 __call__() 方法"""
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.__instance = None
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.__instance is None:
            self.__instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
            return self.__instance
        else:
            return self.__instance

# Example
class Spam(metaclass=Singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        print('Initing Spam')

那么Spam类就只能创建唯一的实例了,演示如下:

>>> a = Spam()
Initing Spam
>>> b = Spam()
>>> a is b
True
>>> c = Spam()
>>> a is c

                                
                            
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